In the case of Caldwell v. Parker, Sheriff of Calhoun County, Alabama in 1919, the U.S Supreme Court ruled on a dispute involving an African American man named William Caldwell who was convicted for murder by an all-white jury in Alabama. The main issue at hand was whether or not his constitutional rights were violated due to racial discrimination during jury selection. Mr. Caldwell argued that he had been denied equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment because black citizens were systematically excluded from serving on juries in Calhoun County where he was tried and convicted. The Supreme Court held that there wasn't enough evidence to prove systematic exclusion based solely on race within this specific county's juror selection process; thus they upheld Mr.Caldwell’s conviction despite acknowledging widespread racial discrimination across Southern states' judicial systems overall. This decision underscored how difficult it could be for individuals alleging racial bias to secure reversals of their convictions during this era.

The dissenting opinion in the case of Caldwell v. Parker, Sheriff of Calhoun County, Alabama (1919) was not specifically recorded or attributed to a particular justice. However, it can be inferred that the dissenters disagreed with the majority's decision to deny Caldwell habeas corpus relief on grounds that his detention by state authorities did not violate federal law. They may have believed that Caldwell's constitutional rights were violated and thus he should have been granted relief under federal law. The exact reasoning behind their disagreement remains unknown due to lack of documentation.