Cliquot's Champagne was a case heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1865. The dispute arose when Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin, a French champagne producer, sued an American importer for selling counterfeit bottles of their product. At issue was whether or not the company had exclusive rights to sell its own products in America under the 1856 Paris Treaty between France and the United States. The court ruled that although foreign companies did have some exclusive rights to market their goods within U.S borders, they could not prevent other parties from importing similar items into America as long as those imports were genuine and unaltered versions of what was sold abroad. This ruling established important precedent regarding international trade law which still applies today; namely that countries cannot restrict importation of certain goods unless there is evidence of fraud or counterfeiting involved with them.

In Cliquot's Champagne, the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether a tax imposed by Congress on champagne imported from France violated the Constitution. The majority opinion held that it did not violate the Constitution and that Congress had authority to impose such taxes. However, Justice Swayne dissented from this decision, arguing that while Congress has broad powers over taxation and commerce with foreign nations, these powers are limited by other provisions of the Constitution which protect citizens' rights against arbitrary government action. He argued further that in this case there was no reasonable basis for taxing only one type of imported beverage when all others were exempt; thus he concluded that such a tax constituted an unconstitutional exercise of power by Congress and should be struck down as invalid.