The U.S. Supreme Court case of William Crawford, et al., v. Marion County Election Board et al., 2007 revolved around an Indiana law that required voters to present government-issued photo identification before casting their ballots in elections. The petitioners, including the Democratic Party and several non-profit organizations, argued that this requirement was unconstitutional as it imposed undue burden on certain groups of voters such as elderly citizens and those living in poverty who may not have access to such IDs. However, the court ruled 6-3 upholding the law stating that preventing voter fraud was a legitimate state interest and did not violate any constitutional rights. The majority opinion held that while obtaining a photo ID might be inconvenient for some people, it wasn't sufficiently burdensome to outweigh the state's interest in protecting election integrity.

In the dissenting opinion for Crawford v. Marion County Election Board, Justice Souter, joined by Justice Ginsburg, argued that Indiana's voter ID law disproportionately burdened elderly and minority voters who were less likely to have a government-issued photo ID or the necessary documents to obtain one. They contended that this requirement was essentially a modern-day poll tax because of the costs associated with obtaining an ID. The justices also noted there was no evidence of in-person voter fraud in Indiana’s history which could justify such burdensome requirements. Furthermore, they criticized the majority for applying an overly deferential standard of review instead of rigorously scrutinizing whether these restrictions actually served a compelling state interest as required under precedent voting rights cases.