The U.S. Supreme Court case Florida Lime and Avocado Growers, Inc., et al. v. Jacobsen, Director of the Department of Agriculture of California, et al., 1959 revolved around a conflict between federal and state regulations regarding the maturity standards for avocados sold in interstate commerce. The Florida Lime and Avocado Growers challenged a California law that prohibited the sale of avocados which did not meet certain oil content requirements even if they met federal standards set by the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act (AMAA). They argued this was an unconstitutional interference with interstate commerce as it effectively barred them from selling their produce in California markets despite meeting national criteria. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Jacobsen, upholding that states have rights to enforce stricter quality control measures than those established federally under AMAA provided these do not discriminate against out-of-state producers or disrupt interstate commerce unduly. It concluded that while there was some burden on interstate trade due to differing state laws, this did not outweigh states' interests in protecting consumers from potentially inferior products.

The dissenting opinion in the Florida Lime and Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Jacobsen case argued that California's law requiring avocados to have a certain oil content before they could be sold was not an unconstitutional burden on interstate commerce. The justices believed that this regulation served a legitimate purpose of protecting consumers from purchasing inferior products, which is within the state's power to regulate for health and safety reasons. They also pointed out that there was no evidence showing this law favored local growers over those from other states since it applied equally to all avocados sold in California, regardless of their origin. Therefore, they disagreed with the majority view that federal marketing orders preempted state regulations like these because such interpretation would limit states' ability to protect their citizens without clear congressional intent.