In the case of Lines v. Frederick et al., 1970, the U.S Supreme Court was asked to consider whether a Pennsylvania law that allowed school districts to provide transportation for students attending private schools violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The plaintiff, Mrs. Lines, argued that her taxes were being used unconstitutionally to support religious institutions because many of these private schools had religious affiliations. However, in a unanimous decision led by Justice Thurgood Marshall, it was held that providing bus services did not violate any constitutional provisions as long as they were equally available to all students regardless of what type of school they attended - public or private; secular or sectarian. The court reasoned this service is part and parcel with ensuring safety and welfare for all children within its jurisdiction which is a legitimate function of government.

In the dissenting opinion for Lines v. Frederick et al., Justice Harlan argued that the majority's decision to uphold a Pennsylvania law requiring voters to reside in the state for at least one year before being eligible to vote was inconsistent with previous rulings on voting rights. He contended that this residency requirement violated both equal protection and due process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, as it arbitrarily discriminated against new residents based solely on their duration of residence. Furthermore, he asserted that such laws were not necessary or narrowly tailored enough to achieve compelling state interests like preventing voter fraud or ensuring informed voting populace. Instead, they served only as an unnecessary barrier restricting certain citizens' right to vote without sufficient justification.