In the case of Moog Industries, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission (1957), the Supreme Court was asked to review a decision made by the FTC that found Moog Industries guilty of price discrimination under Section 2(a) of the Clayton Act as amended by Robinson-Patman Act. The company had been selling automotive replacement parts at different prices to various customers without any cost justification for such differences, which led to substantial injury to competition according to FTC's findings. However, on appeal, Moog argued that there were no actual effects on competition and thus it did not violate anti-trust laws. The Supreme Court upheld FTC's ruling stating that proof of an actual detrimental effect on competition is not necessary in order for a violation under this act; rather it is sufficient if there exists a reasonable possibility or probability of harm occurring due to discriminatory pricing practices. Therefore, even though no direct evidence was presented showing specific harm caused by these practices in terms of reduced market shares or profits among competitors etc., potential damage inferred from circumstances surrounding such actions could be enough basis for legal action against them.

In the dissenting opinion for MOOG Industries, Inc., v. Federal Trade Commission, it was argued that the majority's decision to uphold FTC's order against Moog Industries was incorrect and overreached its authority. The dissenting justices believed that there wasn't substantial evidence proving Moog had engaged in unfair methods of competition or deceptive acts as defined by Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. They contended that while some of Moog’s practices might be considered aggressive business tactics, they did not necessarily constitute unlawful behavior warranting federal intervention. Furthermore, they expressed concern about potential negative implications this ruling could have on future competitive business practices and warned against using antitrust laws too broadly to regulate normal market activities.