National Bank v. Omaha was a case heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1877. The case involved a dispute between the National Bank of Omaha and the City of Omaha over the bank's right to collect taxes on certain real estate. The bank had been granted a charter by the state of Nebraska, which allowed it to collect taxes on real estate owned by the bank. The City of Omaha argued that the bank was not authorized to collect taxes on real estate owned by the city. The Supreme Court held that the bank was authorized to collect taxes on real estate owned by the city. The Court reasoned that the bank's charter granted it the right to collect taxes on all real estate owned by the bank, regardless of who owned the property. The Court also held that the city was not entitled to any special privileges or exemptions from the bank's tax collection authority. The Court concluded that the bank was entitled to collect taxes on real estate owned by the city, and that the city was not entitled to any special privileges or exemptions from the bank's tax collection authority.

In National Bank v. Omaha, the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether a national bank could be taxed by state or local governments on its real estate holdings. The majority opinion held that such taxation was unconstitutional because it would interfere with Congress’s exclusive authority to regulate banking and currency matters. Justice Field dissented from this decision, arguing that the Constitution did not grant Congress exclusive power over all aspects of banking and currency regulation; rather, he argued that states had concurrent powers in these areas as well. He further noted that if Congress wished to prevent states from taxing banks' real estate holdings then they should pass legislation explicitly prohibiting such taxes instead of relying on an interpretation of the Constitution which he found unconvincing.