The Pennsylvania Railroad Company v. United States Railroad Labor Board et al., 1922, was a case that revolved around the power of Congress to regulate labor disputes in interstate commerce. The Supreme Court ruled against the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, upholding the constitutionality of the Transportation Act of 1920 which created the U.S. Railroad Labor Board and gave it authority to resolve railroad labor disputes. The court held that Congress had broad powers under its constitutional mandate to regulate interstate commerce and could therefore create such an agency for resolving these types of conflicts between railroads and their employees. This decision affirmed federal government's role in regulating industrial relations within major industries like railroading.

In the dissenting opinion for Pennsylvania Railroad Company v. United States Railroad Labor Board, Justice McReynolds argued that the majority's decision to uphold the constitutionality of a federal law establishing a railroad labor board and authorizing it to resolve disputes between railroads and their employees was incorrect. He contended that this law violated principles of federalism by improperly intruding on state powers, as well as infringing upon private property rights protected under the Fifth Amendment. Furthermore, he believed that Congress had overstepped its constitutional authority in creating such an administrative body with judicial functions without adequate checks or balances. This view held that only courts should have power to make binding decisions in disputes between private parties, not an administrative agency like the U.S. Railroad Labor Board.