In the case of Peters v. Kiff, 1971, Michael J. Kiff was convicted by a jury in Georgia for armed robbery and sentenced to death. He appealed his conviction on the grounds that African Americans were systematically excluded from both grand and petit juries in violation of his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as well as his right to trial by an impartial jury guaranteed by Sixth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Mr. Kiff, holding that systematic exclusion based on race from either type of jury violated not only Mr. Kiff's constitutional rights but also undermined public confidence in law enforcement and judicial processes overall. This ruling established that any defendant has standing to challenge their conviction if they can show evidence suggesting racial discrimination occurred during juror selection process regardless whether or not they are part of discriminated group themselves.

In the dissenting opinion for Peters v. Kiff, Justice White argued that there was no evidence of systematic exclusion of a particular group from jury service in this case and thus, the petitioner's rights were not violated. He contended that even if there had been an underrepresentation or exclusion of certain groups on juries in general, it did not necessarily mean that it affected the fairness or impartiality of any specific trial. Furthermore, he believed that such issues should be addressed by legislative bodies rather than courts. He also disagreed with the majority's view about standing; he thought only those who are members of excluded groups should have standing to challenge their exclusions from juries because they are directly harmed by them while others aren't.