Railroad Company v. Trimble was a United States Supreme Court case that was decided in 1870. The case involved a dispute between the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston Railroad Company and the Trimble family. The Trimbles had owned a tract of land in Kentucky that the railroad company had purchased in 1867. The Trimbles argued that the railroad company had not paid them the full amount for the land, and they sought to recover the difference. The Supreme Court held that the Trimbles were entitled to the difference between the amount they had been paid and the fair market value of the land. The Court reasoned that the railroad company had not acted in good faith when it purchased the land, and that the Trimbles had been misled as to the true value of the land. The Court also held that the Trimbles were entitled to interest on the amount they were owed. The decision in Railroad Company v. Trimble established that when a party purchases land, they must act in good faith and pay the fair market value of the land. It also established that the seller is entitled to interest on any amount that is owed to them. This decision has been cited in numerous cases since it was decided in 1870.

In Railroad Company v. Trimble, the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether a railroad company could be held liable for damages caused by its negligence in failing to provide sufficient warning of an approaching train. The majority opinion found that the railroad company had not been negligent and thus should not be held liable for any damages suffered by Trimble as a result of his injury. Justice Field dissented from this decision, arguing that it was unreasonable for the court to expect someone like Trimble who did not have knowledge of trains or their operations to anticipate danger when no warning had been given. He argued that since there were no signs or warnings indicating an oncoming train, it would have been impossible for him to avoid being injured and therefore he should receive compensation from the railroad company due to its negligence in providing adequate notice of an approaching train.