The Pacific Railroad Removal Cases, Union Pacific Railway Company v. Myers, was a case heard by the United States Supreme Court in the late 19th century. The case centered around the Union Pacific Railway Company's attempt to remove a portion of its railroad from the public domain. The company argued that it had the right to do so under the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, which granted the company the right to build a railroad across the public domain. The Supreme Court disagreed, ruling that the company did not have the right to remove the railroad from the public domain without the consent of the United States government. The Court held that the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 did not grant the company the right to remove the railroad from the public domain, and that the company must obtain the consent of the United States government before doing so. The Court's decision was a major victory for the United States government, as it established the principle that the government must be consulted before any private entity can remove property from the public domain.

In the Pacific Railroad Removal Cases, Union Pacific Railway Company v. Myers, the Supreme Court was asked to decide whether or not Congress had authority to remove a railroad from one state and place it in another. The majority opinion held that Congress did have such power under its constitutional authority over interstate commerce. Justice Field dissented on this point, arguing that while Congress has broad powers of regulation over interstate commerce, they do not extend so far as to allow for removal of property across state lines without consent from both states involved. He argued further that if such an action were allowed by the court then it would be tantamount to allowing Congress unrestricted control over private property rights which is prohibited by the Constitution's Fifth Amendment protections against taking private property without due process and just compensation.