In the United States v. Miller et al., 1942, Jack Miller and Frank Layton were charged with violating the National Firearms Act (NFA) of 1934 for transporting an unregistered sawed-off shotgun across state lines. The defendants argued that the NFA violated their Second Amendment rights to keep and bear arms. Initially, a district court agreed with them, but on appeal by the government, this decision was overturned by the Supreme Court in a unanimous verdict. The Supreme Court held that because a sawed-off shotgun has no reasonable relationship to "the preservation or efficiency of a well-regulated militia," it does not fall under Second Amendment protection. This case is significant as it established precedent for interpreting whether certain types of firearms are protected under the Second Amendment based on their potential use in maintaining citizen militias.

In the United States v. Miller et al., 1942, there was no recorded dissenting opinion. The Supreme Court unanimously decided that the Second Amendment does not guarantee an individual's right to own a firearm unrelated to service in a well-regulated militia. This decision upheld Jack Miller and Frank Layton's indictment for transporting unregistered sawed-off shotguns across state lines, as it did not violate their Second Amendment rights according to the court's interpretation of "militia" context within this amendment.