The Carter v. Carter Coal Co. case in 1935 was a significant decision by the U.S Supreme Court that declared certain provisions of the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 unconstitutional. The act regulated coal production and set minimum wages and maximum hours for miners, intending to stabilize the coal industry during the Great Depression. However, it was challenged on grounds that it overstepped Congress's powers under the Commerce Clause as well as violated principles of due process and delegation doctrine. The court ruled in favor of Carter Coal Company, stating that mining is not interstate commerce but a local activity; hence Congress had no authority to regulate labor relations within mines under its power to regulate interstate commerce. It also found an unlawful delegation of legislative power since private parties (coal producers) were given control over determining wage agreements affecting entire industries without clear policy guidance from Congress. This ruling significantly limited federal government intervention into economic affairs until later decisions reinterpreted constitutional doctrines related to congressional authority over commercial activities.

The dissenting opinion in the Carter v. Carter Coal Co. case, delivered by Justice Benjamin Cardozo, argued that the Bituminous Coal Conservation Act of 1935 was constitutional and within Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. He contended that coal mining had a substantial effect on interstate commerce due to its widespread use across state lines for various industries such as railroads and manufacturing plants. Therefore, he believed it fell under federal jurisdiction according to the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. Furthermore, he disagreed with majority’s view about labor provisions being local matters; instead asserting they were integral parts of national economic policy affecting prices and market stability nationally - hence falling under federal purview too.